du xiang

machine learning, production systems, and other small obsessions

Hi. I'm Du — a machine-learning engineer in the Bay Area. By day I'm a Staff ML Engineer at Zscaler, where I build large-language-model systems for cloud security; nights and weekends I write the occasional very long essay about how the sausage is made. This site is hand-coded, mostly validates, and has an RSS feed, because it is 2005 somewhere.

recent essays

On Feeling Weak · 关于无力感

10 june 2026 · filed under: personal · 7 min

Twenty years of learning, four years of acceleration, and what remains ours. Written late at night, in both my languages.

Agent Teams vs Sub-Agents: Multi-Agent Architectures for LLMs

9 february 2026 · filed under: ai agents, architecture · 18 min

AI agents that talk to each other, peer-to-peer. How that compares to hub-and-spoke, and when each one earns its complexity.

Skills vs MCP: Tool Architecture for AI Agents

4 february 2026 · filed under: mcp, ai agents · 14 min

How should a machine hold its tools? Enterprise cases, security considerations, and some opinions.

Context Engineering: Building Intelligent Memory Systems

7 august 2025 · filed under: memory, ai agents · 16 min

Giving language models a memory, so they stop forgetting you between conversations.

Scaling SEO & GEO Content with LLMs

20 september 2024 · filed under: seo, content · 15 min

Teaching machines to write things other machines want to read. The circle of life, automated.

browse the full archive (nine essays, two of them in chinese)

briefly